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Vertigo

In This Article

Introduction

Vertigo is the hallucination of rotation due to the abnormal stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular system.

 
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Vestibular System

The vestibular system is composed of
1)      3 Semicircular Canals which detect rotation
2)      Utricle which detects linear movement
3)      Saccule which detects linear movement
 
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Common Causes of Vertigo

1)      Benign Paroxysmal Postional Vertigo
2)      Ménière’s Disease
3)      Vestibular Neuronitis
4)      Acoustic Neuroma
 
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Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

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Pathology

BPPV occurs when debris from the utricle becomes dislodged and is carried in the endolymph to the semicircular canals (most commonly the posterior semicircular canal due to gravity). This debris stimulates the hair cells of the inner ear, leading to activation of the vestibulocochlear nerve, and the hallucination of rotation.
 
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Features

·         Induced by a change in position
·         Vertigo lasts anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes
·         Associated Nausea
·         Torsional Nystagmus that lasts up to one minute, can be fatigued and has a latent period of 5 to 10 seconds prior to onset.
 
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Dix Hall?pike Test

This is a diagnostic manoeuvre in BPPV. The patient’s head is rotated to 45° before they are quickly laid down with their head in 20° extension. The eyes are then observed for the characteristic torsional nystagmus.
 
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Epley Manoeuvre

The Epley Manoeuvre is used in the management of BPPV. It uses gravity to move the debris out of the semicircular canals and back into the utricle.
·         Turn the head 45° towards the affected side and lie down for 5 minutes
·         Turn the head 90° to the other side and lie down for 5 minutes
·         Role over onto the front for 5 minutes
·         Go back to the sitting position for 30 seconds
 
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Ménière’s Disease

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Pathology

Ménière’s Disease is thought to be due to endolymphatic hydrops (excess fluid in the inner ear)
 
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Features

Ménière’s Disease typically occurs as acute episodes of:
1)      Vertigo
a.       Recurrent
b.      Spontaneous
c.       Lasts anywhere from several minutes to several hours
d.      Associated nausea and vomiting
2)      Tinnitus
a.       Gets progressively worse
3)      Fluctuating hearing loss
a.       Sensorineural hearing loss
b.      Affects the lower frequencies
c.       Gets progressively worse
d.      Usually unilateral but can be bilateral
4)      Sense of aural pressure/fullness
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